Imagine listening to Christmas music on the bagpipes. If you plan your cheap holidays to Scotland, you will hear beautiful Christmas music coming from bagpipes everywhere you go. In Scotland, you will keep the fires burning all night and on Christmas Day after having a roaring bonfire and some Scottish Whiskey, you will sit down for a traditional Christmas dinner. In Scotland, you are going to experience the custom of fire, which is a way for celebrants of the Christmas holiday to show their spirit for the day. Fire for some reason represents Christmas in Scotland and watching the tradition is spectacular.

When you plan you cheap holidays to Scotland at Christmas, you must plan a trip around the area to see the beautiful decorations on the houses. People go all out to decorate for Christmas and the sights are just amazing. You will see Santa’s and some artificial snow on the roof tops. It is a joyous occasion and everyone shows their Christmas spirit in different ways. Christmas Day is always a day of food and champagne with eyes looking out the windows to see if maybe just maybe it might snow? After the Christmas celebration you have a few days to rest up for the New Year’s celebration called Hogmanay.

Be prepared because everyone stays up until the New Year arrives. Scotland residents travel to friend’s home right before the New Year to bring in the New Year with friends and some good foods and some more whiskey or a glass of wine. After singing the traditional “Auld Lang Sine”, some people head to bed, but not all. The streets are buzzing with people drinking and wishing everyone a happy New Year. You do want to try to turn in early so you can enjoy some fine dishes on New Year’s Day.

If you find yourself, wondering what cheap holidays to Scotland would be like, chances are, you should go and experience it for yourself. It is always exciting to visit other countries to see how they celebrate Christmas and New Year’s. Last minute deals or late deals always have some great destinations for the holidays and Scotland is just another area to explore. Most people forget about countries that do not boast about the holidays, but they do celebrate them in a custom that is cheery and delightful. Enjoy some Scottish food and some fine Scottish Whiskey before making your way back home.

No matter where you travel for the holidays, take along the camera and take many pictures for your new family Christmas celebration scrapbook. Imagine a new destination every year and sharing your experience of the world at Christmas with family and friends. When you have some time in between the two holidays, you can do some sightseeing of the local attractions in Scotland as well. The fun and excitement does not end with the week leading up to the New Year. You will find many things to keep you busy and enjoy your cheap holidays in Scotland.

As the pound continues to tumble against the Euro, UK golfers looking to travel abroad may find themselves frustrated by the increased cost of travel, accommodation and green fees in Europe. Traditional golf holiday destinations such as France and the Algarve have become more expensive, but the increased cost of golf abroad is the perfect excuse to rediscover some of the finest golf courses in the UK.

Keen players looking for the perfect UK golf break need look no further than Scotland -its dramatic combination of coastal and mountain scenery provides a stunning backdrop for a golf holiday, and Scotland’s numerous championship courses are favoured by the very best players in the world. It is the home of the links course – flat coastal courses with few trees or water hazards, where the wind can have a dramatic effect on your game. While the Scottish links design has been much emulated around the world, it has never been bettered.

There are literally hundreds of courses to choose from in Scotland, including many of the world’s biggest and best alongside countless smaller hidden gems. But if you want to play on the most famous and world renowned courses on your golf holiday in Scotland, here are five that you simply must play…

The Ailsa Course

The Turnberry Golf Club is perhaps the most famous in Scotland. It contains three courses, but it is The Ailsa that is the best and most challenging. Looking out across the Mull of Kintyre, the Isle of Arran and the castle of Robert the Bruce, it is certainly the most scenic golf course in Scotland. But there’s more here than fine views; the strong winds demand even stronger drives, the ninth hole (with a tee perched on the edge of the sea) is justly famous, and the course as a whole is an absolute delight to play on.

Kingsbarns Golf Links

Stunningly designed by Kyle Phillips, this course is a masterpiece of links craftsmanship that hugs the coastline – the North Sea is never out of sight. This intricate and demanding course is only a decade old, but is already ranked as one of the finest in Scotland. Watch out for the par five 12th hole, the signature hole on the Kingsbarns Golf Links. Kyle Phillips may be a Californian, but he has created one of the very best Scottish links courses in existence today.

Gleneagles Kings Course

There are a number of outstanding Gleneagles courses that are well worth playing on your golf holiday in Scotland, but the Gleneagles Kings Course is the pick of the bunch; it is truly a course worthy of kings. Designed by James Braid, it offers breathtaking views and superb design that has been delighting and challenging golfers since 1919.

Carnoustie Golf Links

Skilled golfers looking for a real challenge on a golf holiday in Scotland need look no further than Carnoustie Golf Links. Widely regarded as the most difficult course in the UK, it has hosted seven Open Championships in its time, with even the world’s best players often finishing well above par. But if you are up to the challenge, the Carnoustie will offer you a round of golf unlike any other in Scotland.

St Andrews Old Course

Often regarded as the oldest golf course in the world, it is believed that St Andrews Old Course has been in use for over six hundred years. Not only is it the oldest, it is widely rated as the best in the world. The natural terrain has hardly been altered to create the course, and playing golf here allows you to enjoy historic holes, classic scenery, and one of the finest rounds of golf that you can play in Scotland.

Scotland is a country much loved for its whisky, its golf courses, its spectacular scenery and its unique sense of itself. Known as the Home of Golf and renowned for its hospitality, Scotland is deep rooted in the history of the game and its courses are revered the world over. This is a country positively bursting with fantastic golf courses, many with scenery and views that will live long in your memory many years after you have taken on their challenge.

Courses vary in level but there is an option for all ages and abilities from the scenic highland courses to world famous centres such as Gleneagles. There are more golf courses in Scotland for her population than any other country. You can even book a tee time online for some courses. The more famous golf courses include St. Andrews, Turnberry, Royal Dornoch, Gleneagles and Carnoustie.

The two main airports in Scotland are Glasgow Airport and Edinburgh Airport, while the other international airports are located at Prestwick, Inverness and Aberdeen. Travel to the highlands is recommended to play on some of the most strikingly beautiful golf courses in the country.

Golfing in Scotland and championship links courses are synonymous – except for the truly wonderful Loch Lomond Golf Course. One thing that makes the golf courses in Scotland different than the courses found in the rest of the world is the speed of play. Weekend breaks in Scotland are possibly the most popular leisure travel product in the UK.

If you’re thinking about playing golf in Scotland, book your trip immediately, with or without your friends. If I had to give one piece of advice, however, it would be that you don’t have to break the bank to enjoy golfing in Scotland. If golf is in your blood, then golfing in Scotland is probably on your list of dream trips. But beware, it is addictive and one trip just might not be enough.

There are plenty of amazing limousines available for rental in Scotland. On a par with limo hire London, the cities of Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen have a great range of limos. The limousines available include a range of different colour Hummer H2′s limousines in black, white and pink, Jeep Excursion limos, stretch Lincoln Town Cars, Chrysler C300 Baby Bentley limos, Fire Engine limos as well as exotic limos such as the Audi Q7 limo and Range Rover Vogue limousine.

There are plenty of amazing limos available for rental in Scotland. On a par with London limo hire, the cities of Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen have a fantastic selection of limos. The limousines available include a range of different colour Hummer H2 limousines in black, white and pink, Jeep Excursion limos, stretch Lincoln Town Cars, Chrysler C300 Baby Bentley limos, Fire Engine limos as well as exotic limos such as the Audi Q7 limo and Range Rover Sport limousine. Most of the limousines are available all over Scotland and some will travel if the price is right, but if you live in and around the major cities you are spoilt for choice.

The limousines in Scotland can be hired for any reason, event or occasion but it has to be said that certain limos are perfect for certain occasions. For example the pink Hummer H2 limo, pink Hummer H3 limousine and pink stretch Lincoln Town Car are so popular with hen nights and girlie birthdays. The fire engine limousine is another hen night limo very popular undoubtedly because every girl likes a fireman. However the fire engine limo is also popular with children’s parties as is the amazing Simpsons Party Van which has been kitted out with Simpsons paraphernalia such as sweetie machines, Simpsons DVD’s and much more. The Chrysler 300c Baby Bentley limousine is very popular with weddings and is often used alongside wedding cars such as the Rolls Royce Phantom and Bentley Arnage. Limousines are also used for airport transfers, school proms and corporate events.

Limos such as the Hummer H2 limousine and Jeep Excursion limo can seat up to 16 people and whilst this is not a problem for Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen certain cities such as Dundee have local by-laws that prevent limousines from carrying over 8 people. This means that should a Hummer limousine be required for Dundee it will have to be brought in from Glasgow or Edinburgh and therefore be more expensive. This is why most people from Dundee end up coming to Edinburgh or Glasgow for their hen and stag nights in order to experience limousine hire at an affordable price.

Scotland limousine operators often travel south of the border into England in order to assist in the demand for limos caused by school proms. June and July 2008 saw record school prom bookings in England and many limousines were drafted in from Scotland to cope with the massive demand. Scotland also has a busy school prom season and it is therefore important to book early thereby avoiding disappointment. By booking early you may also get a great deal as demand for limousines will be a lot less and there is no way of knowing just how busy a particular school prom day will be. The most popular limousines for school proms are the H2 hummer limos, Audi Q7 limousine, Range Rover Sport limo and the Chrysler C300 Baby Bentley limousine. A lot of customers end up getting stretch Lincoln Town Car limos for their school prom in Scotland because they end up leaving it too late.

Why not have pink limo hire, stretch limo hire or hummer limo hire.

Well, there’s no getting away from it. If you decide on a golfing vacation in Scotland, there is no doubt that you are in for the most challenging golfing experiences. With this in mind, Europeans, Americans and even Australians make the trek to Scotland on a weekly basis, with the sole purpose of taking up this once in a lifetime challenge. Traditional links golf, composure, isolation and outstanding natural beauty – the Scotland golf package provides some of the best championship golf courses in the world, to suit every budget and every ability.

Winter is the best time for playing golf i.e. October to March is the pick time for golfing. Scotland golf package come out with varieties in it, which includes Scotland golf tours, Scotland golf breaks and Scotland golf vacations. Scotland golf package offer you with different types of tour itineraries staring from 1night package to 7nights package. Scotland golf package approaches to you with:

1. Special offer packages.
2. Perthshire packages.
3. Highland packages.
4. Ayrshire packages.
5. Angus packages.
6. Fife packages.
7. Winter golf break packages.
8. Premium Packages.

Scotland golf package ranges from £105 to £1925 per person (Approx). This price includes bed and breakfast, comfortable accommodation based on two people sharing an en-suite twin or double room, number of rounds in golf course as mentioned in the itineraries you select, golf pack also contains course directions, maps, and local information. Scotland golf package also offer you with some optional extras like Airport pickup and course transfers, dinner, bed and breakfast, Self drive car or van hire and sightseeing tours. The price of the packages depends on date of travel, numbers in party and whether you wish to stay in a 3 star guest house, or 3, 4 or 5 star hotel, high season, midweek or weekend. With Scotland golf package you will get everything you need to enjoy an unforgettable Scottish golf vacation, including accommodation, green fees, land travel and any extras you may require. If you love your golf and you love to travel then choose Scotland golf package they will give you the combination of this two in beautiful Scotland. As a golfing enthusiast you can embark on Scotland golf packages, vacations and tours, some of which encompass the magnificent St. Andrews (link) – the holy grail of golf – where the great game was first played in the 15th century.
Scotland golf package provides you with varieties of refreshments apart from golfing and one of them is Solomon fishing- it is one of the most popular breaks for those of us whose twin passion is casting a fly in pursuit of the king of fish, there can be no finer place than the banks of the mighty river Tay in Perthshire, Scotland.
Scotland golf package seller feels great to render secured access to some of the best Scottish Salmon fishing waters in the UK, and can now offer Scottish Salmon fishing as part of your Golf Holiday itinerary, or as a fully inclusive fishing break in its own right.

Golf Around Scotland is one of the well-established package tour companies who specialises in Scotland golf package, Scotland golf short breaks and Scotland golf vacations with the best accommodation, green fees, land travel and any extras you may require. ]]> http://www.eu-english.com/travel-scotland/scotland-golf-package/index.html/feed 0 http://www.eu-english.com/travel-scotland/it-sure-is-a-hell-of-a-long-way-from-scotland-to-barbados/index.html http://www.eu-english.com/travel-scotland/it-sure-is-a-hell-of-a-long-way-from-scotland-to-barbados/index.html#comments Sat, 01 May 2010 22:13:37 +0000 admin http://eu-english.com/?p=256

I’m a Scotsman that has moved to the beautiful Caribbean Island of Barbados to live and I have been here for approximately 4 weeks. It sure is a hell of a long way from Scotland to Barbados; I have traveled over 4700 miles and spent about 9.5 hours on planes to get here.

Of course there are huge lifestyle and cultural differences between my home country of Scotland and Barbados, but there are surprisingly also many similarities, which I have also came across.

The people that live in Barbados are predominantly black, with a small but diverse range of other nationalities living in the country. The citizens of Scotland are predominantly white, with an ever-increasing number of different nationalities now choosing to make the country their home.

Bajans like the Scottish are very patriotic people and have a huge amount of national pride regarding their respective countries. The citizens of both Scotland and Barbados have something else in common and that is the friendliness of their characters and their willingness to embrace people from other countries.

Scotland and Barbados are both extremely beautiful countries, which both have fantastic countryside areas and an abundance of wonderful and secluded beaches which are amongst the best you will find anywhere in the world. The one big difference, I suppose is that I have never had to wear a jumper or jacket when I have been to the beach in Barbados. Also the last time I was brave or foolish enough to have a wee dip in the North Sea, back home in Scotland, I thought I was going to die from the cold, it was what I would call bracing.

The mighty Atlantic Ocean can be found on the east and north coasts of Barbados and Scotland is bordered by the Atlantic on its north and west coasts. The Atlantic Ocean may not be very good for swimming in, but it has provided me with hours of fun on my boogie board, which is great fun for the slightly more adventurous souls out there. On wild and stormy days in Scotland I use to love sitting in my car watching the huge waves that the Atlantic would bring crashing against the shore, I use to find it a great way to relax.

Barbados use to be governed by the United Kingdom, until 1966 when it received its independence and has done fairly well as a nation since then. Scotland on the other hand, is at the present time still very much a part of the United Kingdom; it was however giving its own parliament in 1999. Independence for Scotland is something that will undoubtedly happen at some point in the future.

It may be a long way to travel from Scotland to Barbados. The weather and climate may be hugely different here in the Caribbean, and I may have only being here for four weeks but I feel very much at home. I have traveled to many different countries in my life so far and none of them I would have willingly left Scotland to go and live in. Barbados is my kind country and I’m proud to call it home.

Scotland is a place full of History and natural beauty, with hundred of castles scattered through the landscape and also the many jagged peaks of 3,000ft Munros shaping the backdrop to a magnificent country.

There are many castles that date back hundreds of years and each has a unique story and its own place in the rich history of Scotland.  The popular castles of Eilean Donan near Skye and Urquhart on Loch Ness offer fantastic photo opportunities as two of the most picturesque castles in Scotland.

When you are visiting Scotland you will need accommodation and you will find many different types to suit all budgets across the country.  The cheaper accommodation in Scotland tends to be outside the main cities, in surrounding towns or on the outskirts of a major city.

If you are looking for a good base to explore Scotland then Perth offers excellent transport links to the main cities in Scotland.  From here you can get direct train services to Edinburgh, Inverness and Glasgow.  The accommodation here is also reasonably priced with a good selection of bed and breakfasts and some of the best priced hotels in Scotland.

If you are looking for a luxury hotel in Scotland then St Andrews and Edinburgh offers some of the best choices in Scotland.  The Balmoral Hotel or the Scotsman in Edinburgh, both have five star ratings and excellent locations in the city centre of Edinburgh.

In St Andrews the Old Course Hotel overlooking the most famous golf course in the world and again offers five star luxury accommodation in Scotland as does the Fairmont Hotel which also overlooks a golf course and offers excellent spa facilities.

If you are travelling to Scotland on a budget then you may want to consider staying in a hostel.  There are hundreds available throughout the country and these offer cheap accommodation, usually in a city or town centre location.  The accommodation is usually basic but it does give you a great opportunity for meeting fellow travellers, ideal if you are travelling by yourself.

Scotland the land of golf. Apart from golfing Scotland is associated with a significant culture, tradition and serene beauty. Apart from having the historical account of almost half-a-century the city is a growing core of transformation and an imminent destination for development. Scotland golf holiday offers you the combination of golfing as well as travelling. Golfing holiday in Scotland gives you a juncture to relax and mesmerize into the unrivalled beauty of Scotland.
You are assured to get a bunch full of varied itineraries, which will suit your budget as well as your desires.
If you are planning on travelling to Scotland for a golfing holiday then you won’t have a lack of options for anything. There is a host of options from which you can choose – accommodation, golf courses, number of days you want to stay, cuisine and many more. With the popularity of golfing holidays rolling to rise, Scotland gathered its own recognition for golf holiday packages, which includes golfing activities, tourist activities and seeing the natural sites of the region.
Solomon Fishing can also be regarded as one of the most popular breaks in Scotland. Solomon Fishing now has become a part of golf holiday itinerary.

Offered packages of golfing holiday in Scotland:

* Special offer packages.
* Perthshire packages.
* Highland packages.
* Ayrshire packages.
* Angus packages.
* Fife packages.
* Winter golf break packages.
* Premium Packages.

Package Duration: 1night to 7nights.

Cost: £105 to £1925 per person. (Approx.)

Accommodation: Royal-Dunkeld, Birnam-Guest-House, Atholl-Arms, Cherrybank-Inn, Murrayshall, Birnam-House, Kinnaird-Guest-House, Thistle, Beechwood-Guest-House, Anchorage, Horizon, Turnberry, Arrandale, Craws-Nest, St-Andrews-Bay, Old-Course, Kirkton-Barns, Rusacks, Queens, Windsor, Columba, Claymore, Aviemore-Highland-Resort.

Courses: Aberfeldy, Alyth, Alyth-Glenisla, Alyth-Strathmore, Blairgowrie-Rosemount, Blairgowrie-Lansdowne, Craigie Hill, Crieff Ferntower, Dunkeld, Gleneagles-Kings, Gleneagles-Queens, Gleneagles-PGA-Centenary, King James V1, Taymouth-Castle, Murrayshall, Murrayshall-Lyndoch, Pitlochry. Ayr-Belleisle, Ayr-Seafield, Brunston Castle, Troon-Darley, Dundonald, Girvan, Glasgow Gailes, Irvine-Bogside, Kilmarnock-Barassie, Troon-Lochgreen, Prestwick, Prestwick-St-Cuthbert. , Prestwick-St-Nicholas, Royal-Troon, Troon-Portland, Turnberry-Ailsa, Turnberry-Kintyre, Western-Gailes, Ballumbie Castle, Carnoustie Buddon, Carnoustie Burnside, Carnoustie-Championship, Downfield, Letham Grange Old, Monifieth Ashludie, Monifieth Medal, Panmure, Brora, Golspie, Royal-Dornoch, Dornoch Struie, Tain, Alness, Fortrose and Rosemarkie, Inverness, Torvean, Loch Ness, Nairn-Dunbar, Nairn, Forres, Moray-New, Moray-Old, Elgin, Cullen, Grantown-on-Spey, Abernethy, Boat-of-Garten, Kingussie, Newtonmore.

Package Includes: bed and breakfast, comfortable accommodation based on two people sharing an en-suite twin or double room, number of rounds in golf course as mentioned in the itineraries you select, golf pack also contains course directions, maps, and local information.

Optional Extras: Airport pickup and course transfers, dinner, bed and breakfast, Self-drive car or van hire and sightseeing tours.

The price of the packages depends on date of travel, numbers in party and whether you wish to stay in a 3 star guest house, or 3, 4 or 5 star hotel, high season, midweek or weekend.

We take great pride in the quality of service given to our clients, and our attention to detail when compiling your golf scotland itinerary, combined with our expert knowledge of Scottish golf courses and accommodation providers means that we are able to deliver tailor made golf scotland vacations and scotland golf tours to suit all budgets and group sizes.

Scotland is one of four constituent nations that form the United Kingdom (the other three are England, Wales and Northern Ireland). Scotland forms the northern part of the island of Great Britain. The land of cakes, Scotland is famous for its oatmeal cakes. Caledonia is the poetic name of Scotland. Scotland is well known for its mountainous and beautiful scenery.

Apart from bakes and cakes, Scotland is famous for “Golf”. Scotland is one of the sizzling tourist destinations in the world. The Scotland vacation, Scotland golf vacation and Scotland vacation packages are famous all over the world. Scotland Golf accommodations are known for their excellence, comforts and luxuries. They offer the discriminating picturesque views full of romances. And undoubtedly Scotland provides you with some of the finest hotels for golf accommodation. There are hotels in every area of Scotland, from Edinburgh to Inverness, from the Borders to the Highlands. Affordable or luxurious, lively or serene – whatever you’re after, you’re guaranteed to find a Scottish hotel to match your needs. Golf accommodation in Scotland has literally many of hotels on offer.

Golf accommodations in Scotland are perfect for the links enthusiast who wants to get a round or more! – Into a leisure or business break, or wants to make an entire golfing holiday and itinerary. Golf courses on site or nearby some of these notable hotels mean your golfing adventure is never more than a few minutes away. Bring your clubs, pack your golf bag, throw in your plus fours and be ready for a golf holiday to remember at one of our golf accommodation!

It is one of the best golf tour company in Scotland.
Go through the links below, some of the finest Golf accommodations in Scotland

1. Golf Scotland- Perthshire accommodations:
Royal-Dunkeld, Birnam-Guest-House, Atholl-Arms, Cherrybank-Inn, Murrayshall, Birnam-House, Kinnaird-Guest-House.

2. Golf Scotland-Ayrshire accommodation:
Thistle, Beechwood-Guest-House, Anchorage, Horizon, Turnberry, Arrandale.

3.Golf Scotland-Fife accommodation.
Craws-Nest, St-Andrews-Bay, Old-Course, Kirkton-Barns, Rusacks, Queens.

4.Golf Scotland-Highland Accommodation:
Windsor, Columba, Claymore, Aviemore-Highland-Resort

It is one of the well-established package tour companies who specialises in Scotland golf packages, Scotland golf short breaks and Scotland golf vacations with the best golfing accommodations, green fees, land travel and any extras you may require. All of our golf Scotland accommodation providers are participants in the visitscotland quality assurance scheme, and as such you can be sure that each one meets the high standards expected by today’s golf scotland traveller.

When people think of Scotland, they think of the highlands and islands; holiday rentals alongside remote Scottish lochs and nothing but countryside for miles around. But in their rush to â??head for the hillsâ??, people often overlook the south of Scotland and the borders, which have so much to offer the visitor. Just a dayâ??s drive from the south of England, holiday rentals in the Scottish borders mean more time for the holiday, and less time travelling. Did you know that people flying to the Canary Islands for a weekâ??s holiday are likely to spend 25% of their hard earned time off travelling there and back â?? hardly relaxation!

Known as one of THE world tourist destinations, Scotland is chosen by many as the perfect holiday rentals destination. Although immensely popular, you can lose yourself in Scotland, whether in the mountainous highlands, the rugged islands or the hubbub of city life. If youâ??re in search of holiday rentals with privacy and seclusion you are sure to find them â?? just a few twists and turns down winding rural roads and you will find yourself far from the madding crowds.

The south of Scotland is one of the most picturesque parts of the UK â?? holiday rentals here are popular all year round, and whatever the weather. Each season brings its own particular delights â?? whether it is the vivid colours of Spring and Autumn, the snow-covered peaks in Winter, or the gentle sunshine and longer hours during the Summer months. The Scottish Borders range from moorland and rolling hills in the west to fishing villages and coastline in the east. Holiday rentals might be a converted farmhouse, a seaside cottage, or a town flat with a view â?? all of which give you access to the wonders that this region of southern Scotland has to offer. If you can drag yourself away from the comfort of your rental property, the region has a wide range of activities on offer, destinations to visit and events to attend as well.

Opportunities for hiking and walking range from the romantic stroll on the beach to entire holidays-worth of trekking and hiking, often involving some of Scotlandâ??s most famous landmarks. The south of Scotland is dotted with whisky distilleries, and if you want to sample the local fayre and taste the world famous whisky then youâ??re in the right place. Those in search of holiday rentals within spitting distance of a golf course are also in the right place â?? in this part of Scotland, itâ??s hard to find holiday rentals which ARENâ??T within spitting distance of a golf course! Courses to suit every budget, style and ability abound here. Thereâ??s fishing and cycling, mountain biking and hiking, museums and architecture â?? all within a dayâ??s drive of your UK home. Forget sun loungers and cocktails â?? until youâ??ve spent time in this part of Scotland, you havenâ??t lived!

Free reprint article written by Olly Symonds
Copyright © 2008 Olly Symonds. All rights reserved.