Must see Ireland Travel Guide
tour through the countryside of Ireland, beautifully green and dotted with sheep and castles, leaves no doubt about the origin of the nickname of the country, “the green island.” Almost all the country has beautiful landscapes, but some highlights are special dramatic cliffs on the west coast and the beaches around Sligo, by the poet WB Yeats lived loved.
The Giant’s Causeway, a group of stone columns of volcanic activity, is a popular show. Visitors to the destination in Northern Ireland can go along the rock formation on the sea, where the rocks form a single and vague promises of beautiful images, even for most amateur photographers.No trip to Ireland would be complete without a visit to Blarney Castle near Cork. Legend has it that an ancient Celtic goddess “Gift of Gab” with, which means it has the power to those who fucks her in a skilled liar and charming blessed to transform one of the stones in the castle.
The stone can not be reached by a staircase ascending steep rock leaning dangerously out the window, but while those with a fear of heights, to be honest.Irish capital Dublin will boast world-class architecture and museums. The Book of Kells manuscript richly illustrated, the illumination of the biblical gospels, is a magnet for people interested in rare books or history. Can be loved
Fans of James Joyce, Ireland, probably to be the author of the characters in the footsteps of his famous book, Ulysses, which has so detailed and precise as Joyce put it so well, it would be enough to rebuild the city, if it is to disappear. Eccles Street, Davy Byrne Pub, Georges Quay and the National Library can be found with all the descriptions of the book.
One option is a less intellectual tour the Guinness Brewery, where can beer lovers get to know the history and production of the famous beer and a glass, while high-end view of the city from the top floor of the brewery building . Perhaps the most appropriate to complete the journey in Ireland, with a few pints in a local pub, or in Dublin or the campaign. Guinness, Smithwick, Killian Irish Red, and all drinks are very popular throughout the nation. Ireland is also the love of whiskey, of course. Although not as famous as Scotch, Irish blends such as Bushmills, Tullamore Dew, and of course the eve of the Old Jameson Whiskey fans is all. meet the next morning a full Irish breakfast is just right for you will be back to life. After enjoying a plate of healthy blood sausage, eggs, potatoes, roasted tomatoes, and the good Irish brown bread, you are probably in good shape for the exploration of another day -. or at least a happy nap by a crackling fire, if you want to impress your head, ask for a pot of tea instead of coffee, but are willing to engage in. a thorough discussion of suitable methods of brewing tea -. The topic seems irresistible to the IrishFor further information on Ireland Travel, visit http : / / yell.ie
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Medicine in Elizabethan England
By Phil Forp
During the reign of Henry VIII (1485-1509) in England, the royal confiscation of monastic land s and church properties put a huge crutch on the entire charitable system. Between 1536 and 1544, one would have to search far and wide for medical help, and there was absolutely no help for indigent people in the city of London. In 1569, royal hospitals were finally restored, including Christ’s Hospital for Children, St. Mary’s of Bethlem for mental cases, and general hospitals such as St. Bartholomew’s and St. Thomas’. However, hospitals were not the only options for a sick individual. Queen Elizabeth I’s reign (1558-1603) brought the restoration of general charity, and there were many types of professionals and individuals to turn to for seeking medicals attention. As a result of this broad spectrum of medical choices, a mixture of the theory of Humors, the Doctrine of Signatures, astrology, tradition, chemical science, and magic became the basis for popular medicine in Elizabethan England.
One of the most socially acceptable and encouraged forms of charity was medical charity. It was believed that sick people obviously needed help to have a positive recovery. Another motive for giving medical help was to help the poor make a safe return from sickness back to work, and thus removing the need to further provide monetary help. The city of Norwich often paid large amounts for physicians to treat the poor. It was also often that the city would hire one poor person to nurse and keep another poor, sick person, to kill two birds with one stone. An interesting fact is that it was common for a small sum to be paid initially to a bonesetter, but the bulk of the fee would only be paid when the patient was able to walk again. Thus, it is apparent that the practitioner took full responsibility for the patient during the recovery period. The city of Norwich also paid for shelter during the recovery period for patient. Norwich is the prime example of the great involvement and motivation for treating the poor and the sick in Elizabethan England.
When a merchant in Elizabethan London gets a fever, he first will ask the physician to diagnose him. Then, he will ask his wife if she knows of a certain herb that will lower his fever. If she has nothing in her stillroom, then she contacts an apothecary. The apothecary will then prepare the medicine prescribed by the physician. If finding little relief, the merchant will then go to the local “cunning” woman down the street, who will give him a charm sprinkled with bergamot oil, advise him to eat cool and dry foods, and maybe advise him to consider attaching a leach or two to his skin to relieve his blood Humor, This is an example of the common diagnosis and treatment of a patient.
It is apparent that medicine was distributed by an array of different people. The doctor a patient could see depended on the patient’s class and whether he or she had the money to pay the fee. These professional physicians, who would have received an education at one of the Universities or Colleges for Physicians, were usually only afforded by the very wealthy. Surgeons had a similar reputation to the barbers, whom they associated with and belonged to in the Company of Barber-Surgeons. Barbers were only allowed to pull teeth or let blood by cutting or use of leaches. Usually, patients first visited the apothecary, who was the Elizabethan equivalent for today’s pharmacist. They carried herbs, oils, chemicals, cosmetics, perfumes, and drugs. The Church could be considered a participating medical practitioner for providing attention and comfort to the sick and poor. Poor patients, however, usually first contacted the local “wise woman” or “cunning woman.” Usually, this woman had a good reputation for traditional remedies and treatments. Bonesetters set bones for broken limbs and ribs. Midwives took care of the childbirth department of medicine. There were also herb-gatherers-and-compounders, hernia specialists, cataract couchers, dentists, and many other types other types of specialist. Lastly, there were ordinary Elizabethan housewives, who were expected to have some knowledge of simple herbal and traditional remedies to produce homemade medicines and potions. En masse, a patient who had many options, and picked and chose from different services from many individuals and types of providers.
Medicine in Elizabethan England was ridiculously basic for an era with terrible illnesses, such as the Bubonic plague and typhoid, and an enormous lack of sanitation in large cities with open sewers filled with garbage, infestation of rats, lice, and fleas, and no running water. The cause of illness was almost entirely unknown, and the beliefs were mostly based on teachings by ancient Greeks and astrology. The ignorance is also apparent in the common clothing of physicians, which were often seen as very strange. The clothing consisted of a large, full, dark cloak, boots, gloves, a hat, and a mask shaped like a bird’s beak, which held bergamot oil. They also wore amulets of dried blood and ground-up toads at the waist for preventative purposes. It was also a custom to douse oneself with vinegar and to chew angelica before approaching the patient. These precautionary steps may seem very ridiculous and random. However, the popular belief about medicine formed from six different theories, which happened to make sense at the time.
The ancient Greek, Galen, formed the first theory. He believed that the body consists of our bodily fluids called “Humors”: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Each humor possessed certain characteristics. Blood is hot and wet, Phlegm is cold and wet, Yellow Bile is hot and dry, and Black Bile is cold and dry. A natural balance of these fluids will keep the body in a healthy state. Any imbalance will result in illness. For example, a cold is the result of too much hot and dry phlegm in the body. This can be counteracted by drying and heating, or staying in bed and eating hot soup. For another example, a fever is the result of an excess of blood in the body. A treatment for the fever would be to remove excess blood with leaches, or eat cool and dry foods, like crackers. The characteristics of the four Humors were also considered for treating mental illnesses, as blood is sanguine, phlegm is phlegmatic, yellow bile is choleric, and black bile is melancholic.
The second theory is the Doctrine of Signatures. This theory comes from the Bible, stating that God gave Man lower creatures for Man to use for his benefit. Man uses many creatures for sustenance, and many creatures for labor. Other non-edible creatures on Earth should be used as ingredients in medicines. For example, Lungwort is good for the lungs, and Eyebright will clear the eyesight.
The third theory, astrology, has been signs and planet orbits of a patient’s birthday to determine the severity and duration of an illness. The fourth theory is the traditional approach to medicine. This theory states that illness is a foreign presence in the body; the expropriation of the forging presence is the key to treatment. For example, an exorcism is necessary for mental illness, a King’s touch is a cure for scrofula, tuberculosis in the neck, and toads are a cure for warts.
The fifth theory uses chemical science, in which newly discovered pure substances and non-organic materials were pressed into medical service, such as tobacco and mercury. The sixth theory deals with magic. In days, the dividing line between magic and legitimate medical practice was extremely blurred. Magic seemed perfectly logical and even scientific to an Elizabethan.
The most common cleansing agent used was vinegar, which was applied to most wounds to prevent from infection. The only cure for toothache was having the tooth pulled, which did not include the use of any anesthetics. Bubonic Plague was treated by applying warm butter, onion, and garlic to the bubo. Other various remedies for the plague were tried, including tobacco, arsenic, lily root, and dried toad. Head pains were treated with sweet-smelling herbs such as sage, bay leaf, rose, and lavender. Stomach pains were treated with wormwood, mint, and balm. Lung problems were treated with licorice and comfrey. These are all specific examples of treatments for common complication in the Elizabethan era.
An important benefit of all Elizabethan medicine is the confirmation of the placebo effect. The belief in one’s treatment excites the patient’s optimism and hopes, which is often the most important part of the recovery process. This is probably the most prevalent, underlying secret to Elizabethan medicine, whether the medical practitioners and patients knew it or not. The great variety of specialists, learned physicians, and magicians and all their ideas and beliefs, including the bodily Humors, the Doctrine of Signatures, astrology, tradition, chemical science, and magic, is important reason why everybody did not die in unsanitary, Bubonic Plagued, rat-infested, and garbage-filled Elizabethan England.
Work Citied
Bynum, W F., and Roy Porter. Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. London: Routledge,1993.
Holmes, Martin, Elizabethan London. London: Praeger, 1969.
Kiple, Kenneth F. The Cambridge World History of Human Disease. New York City: Cambridge UP, 1993
McGrew, Robert E., comp. Encyclopedia of Medical History. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1985.
Pritchard, R E. Shakespeare’s England: Life in Elizabethan & Jacobean Times.
About the Author: Phil Forp is a contributing editor at History Research Papers
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Autumnal Delight In New England
By Fiona Napier
Holidays in New England rural America encapsulate scenes of clapboard houses, white wooden churches, maple syrup and wholesome goodness.
A region of beauty New England is distinctly American in its rich history, culture and natural charm. The four distinct seasons offer visitors something to do throughout the year. During the summer months the sun is usually out and there are a range of activities from sailing, swimming, surfing or fishing to enjoy. Beaches line the coast from Connecticut through to Maine or you may want to rent a log cabin or go camping on a summers evening. Autumn or Fall is legendary in New England and is the best time to take a leisurely drive through the mountains or go hiking or biking to appreciate the gold and red fall foliage. Winter is made fun by the snow and crisp sunny days, the perfect setting for a romantic break or for skiing and snowboarding in the mountains. When the first blooms come out in Spring you may want to explore the mountains and countryside or visit the museums and shops on offer.
New England is made up of six states. Connecticut was home to the famous author Mark Twain in Hartford and is an easy day hop from New York. Filled with pretty villages, antique shops and art museums Connecticut might be small but it certainly delivers on quality.
From the beaches of Cape Cod the bay state of Massachusetts stretches through its capital Boston past the Connecticut River to the Berkshire Hills. The Cultural Revolution kindled here, started by writers such as Thoreau and Emerson and visitors can see where it all began for themselves at Plymouth Rock.
Vermont the Green Mountain State, named so after its hilly spine (verts monts in French) has many small towns which busy themselves with the traditional production of dairy farming and maple syrup. It is a ‘traditional America’.
The Granite state of New Hampshire is dominated by mountains and lakes and a picturesque coast including the impressive Mount Washington. The White Mountains are great for skiing and snowboarding in winter or alternatively for hiking in the summer and autumn months.
To get away from the holiday crowds head to Maine. As big as all other five states put together it has unspoiled landscapes and the longest coastline with lighthouses. Whale watching is popular in this region.
37 miles wide and 48 miles deep Rhode Island is the USA’s smallest state. However it still manages to boast 400 miles of coastline which is great for sailing. Providence and Newport, two of New England’s historic cities also offer plenty to do.
As visitors from all over the world have discovered, a holiday in New England offers every pleasure you could desire.
About the Author: For more information on holidays in New England please visit http://www.vacationsgroup.co.uk
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Explore Boston New England
By Fiona Napier
The city of Boston is frequently referred to as the gateway to New England. It is the capital of Massachusetts, and the largest city in New England. There is plenty to do for young and old alike in Boston, making it a great destination for a holiday to New England.
Boston lies on a peninsula, with the Massachusetts Bay on one side and the Back Bay on the other. It became one of the wealthiest cities in North America during the 18th and 19th centuries, which led to a great many cultural buildings being built during this era.
The Public Garden is the oldest botanical garden in the USA, with its flower gardens, trees, grassy lawns and lakes. The most famous part of The Public Garden’s is of course the Swan Boats, to take you on a graceful ride around the lakes.
Faneuil Hall Marketplace was built in 1742, and now houses over one hundred shops and restaurants. Great for shopping or for sampling the local cuisine, Faneuil Hall Marketplace is a “must see” in Boston. The restaurants feature many local favourites such as clam chowder, and Boston baked beans!
The Museum of Fine Arts is Boston’s oldest and most respected art institution. It is home to a lot of early American art, as well as Egyptian and Impressionist collections. There is also a fine collection of French art.
Many of the famous historic buildings make up the Freedom Trail, which is marked out with red lines or bricks. These are buildings that played some significance in the American Revolution. The trail includes Paul Revere’s house (home to the night time messenger that warned Samuel Adams and John Hancock of the British Army’s planned movements), Faneuil Hall (a meeting point for revolutionaries), Granary Burial Ground (where Samuel Adams, John Hancock and Paul Revere are buried), Bunker Hills, the site of Benjamin Franklin’s birth, and the Old State House (where the Declaration of Independence was first read).
Not on the trail for obvious reasons is the USS Constitution. This ship is 200 years old and is the oldest commissioned warship in the US Navy. Still afloat the ironclad/ironside ship gives some of the most spectacular views of the city of Boston.
One of the most visited attractions in Boston is the New England Aquarium. With a massive 200,000 gallon tank, with giant turtles swimming in it, it is a fantastic sight to behold.
Home to the universities of Harvard and MIT, the city has a vibrant atmosphere in the evenings. There are plenty of restaurants and venues with live music to entertain you after a day of sightseeing or retail therapy!
Steeped in history, great for shopping and abundant with evening entertainment, Boston makes a great destination for your New England holiday.
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Shih Tzu Development In England
By Connie Limon
Following the political upheaval in China and the burning of the Imperial Palace, several Shih Tzu were found alive by British embassy staff and taken to England. The first Shih Tzu introduced in England were brought from Peking by General Sir Douglass and Lady Brownrigg in 1930. A Shih Tzu dog named Hibou and a Shih Tzu bitch named Shu-ssa. About this same time, Miss Madelaine Hutchins imported a Shih Tzu named Lung-Fu-Ssu into Ireland. These three Shih Tzu became the foundation stock for the well-known Taishan Shih Tzu.
Shih Tzu was introduced to Scandinavia by Mme. Henrik Kauffman. Another Shih Tzu, Tashi of Chouette, was brought to England by the Earl of Essex in 1938 and was bred successfully. Three Shih Tzu bitches were imported by General Telfer-Smollett.
The English Kennel Club recognized the Shih Tzu breed in 1934. The Irish Kennel Club recognized the ShihTzu that same year.
Within a few years, Shih Tzu from English kennels were being shipped to America, Canada, Australia, and European countries.
In England there have been four kennels that produced outstanding Shih Tzu that are now found in pedigree in all countries where Shih Tzu are bred and exhibited. The four kennels are Lhakang Elfann, Telota and Greenmoss.
Gay Widdrington’s love affair with the Shih Tzu began when she bought a black and white bitch from Lady Brownrigg. The Shih Tzu breed was very rare at that time. The Shih Tzu puppy Gay Widdrington acquired was only the second generation from the first three Shih Tzu imported into the British Isles from China in 1930. The Shih Tzu puppy was named Mee Na and was quite captivating. She was described as looking like a “fluffy baby owl.”
At this time, Shih Tzu breeding stock was very low and already very “inbred.” When new imported Shih Tzu lines became available, the Lhakang Kennel carried out careful selective Shih Tzu breeding over a period of many years to help introduce and stabilize these new Shih Tzu lines so that the breed could be established on a broader basis. It is largely due to Gay’s efforts that the Shih Tzu breed is one of the few in the British Isles free of serious hereditary problems.
In the late forties Gay and her mother decided to establish a Shih Tzu true-breeding rich gold strain through the line of the Shih Tzu Ishuh Tzu, who had been imported from Shanghai. That Shih Tzu line produced the color and flourished for four decades.
Elfann Kennel owned by Elfreda Evans came into the Shih Tzu breed in 1951. She decided she would do something drastic to improve the Shih Tzu breed. She mated a black Shih Tzu bitch to a black and white Pekingese dog, who had unusually straight front legs for a Pekingese.
Freda had an excellent eye for beauty as well as quality. She felt the Shih Tzu she had seen were too big, leggy, rangy, plain in the face and often wild in temperament. These Shih Tzu certainly would not have pleased the Dowager Empress was the thoughts of Freda. Since she had heard in China the shaggy Lion Dogs (Shih Tzu) had been crossed with Pekingese every few generations. She decided to do likewise to keep the Shih Tzu breed on the right lines. It was not very well taken by many.
I have two little Shih Tzu, Danny and Jane Jane that resemble Pekingese. These Shih Tzu are both one year of age and weigh in at 4 pounds. It is my opinion, their Shih Tzu size is a result of some of this crossbreeding, and most likely would have made the Empress Dowager “smile.” My Danny and Jane Jane are exquisite little treasures of mine at Stain Glass Shih Tzu. I must say they have the “sweetest” disposition of all the Shih Tzu I have ever owned. These tiny treasures are very rare in the world of Shih Tzu today.
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About the Author: Connie Limon is a Shih Tzu breeder. She publishes a FREE weekly newsletter. A professional newsletter with a focus upon health and wellness for you and your pets. Discounts are offered to subscribers. Sign up at: http://www.stainglassshihtzus.com
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